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    The Ultimate List of Natural Remedies for Sexual Male Enhancement (Sex Drive and Erectile Function)

    The Ultimate List of Natural Remedies for Sexual Male Enhancement (Sex Drive and Erectile Function)

    Are you looking for natural remedies for sexual male enhancement? If so, you’re going to find a lot of ideas you may put to use in this guide.

    Here you will find natural remedies for sexual male enhancement like:

    • Herbal remedies
    • Animal remedies
    • Food and Ingredients
    • Supplements
    • Lifestyle changes
    • Alternative Medicine

    The Massachusetts Male Aging Study states that more than fifty percent of the male population of the world suffers from erectile dysfunction (ED). [1]

    Erectile dysfunction, in layman’s terms, is the inability to achieve an erection sufficient for a whopping good time in the sack. In American slang, it’s the sulking Willy, the tamed-down rattlesnake, the death of Peter. Starting at the age of forty, about four out of ten men battle with the condition, and when they reach the age of seventy, an average of seven out of ten men are confirmed to have ED.

    Plenty of Natural Remedies For Sexual Male Enhancement

    On a positive note, ED is treatable, and there are a lot of remedies available in the market. Western medicine has only recently taken a foray into male enhancement treatments. Before the advent of Viagra, mainstream medicine did not have much of a treatment plan for erectile dysfunction or loss of libido. They were both considered a natural process of aging that was virtually untreatable. Now, however, many natural medicines have become more widely known that can help to solve sexual problems.

    Thank you, internet!

    Countless patients are unaware that the treatment of loss of male virility has been present for centuries. In the search for the perfect aphrodisiac, herbal supplements have been used in Chinese traditional medicine and Ayurveda since these disciplines were founded. Fortunately, modern men may benefit from this long history of treatment. Herbal supplements for erectile dysfunction and loss of libido are safe, and some have been scientifically proven to help. Learning about each herb, its actions, and the research supporting it may help you overcome your sexual dysfunction. We take a closer look and present the natural cures that promise to give your schlong superpowers to enhance your bedroom's success.

    Herbal and Animal Remedies

    Tongkat Ali

    Tongkat Ali is a well-researched and effective herbal supplement for male sexual dysfunction. It comes from a plant that is native to Malaysia and Indonesia, and the scientific name for it is Eurycoma longifolia. The main reason this herb is so well known is that its great ability to increase testosterone production in men. Many bodybuilding professionals use tongkat ali to help them get bigger muscles faster. However, the most common use of this herb is as a sexual enhancement supplement, and a good deal of human research is available to support its usage.

    A hallmark study into this supplement was published in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine in 2012. [2] It showed improvements in erectile function, sperm motility, libido, and semen volume at 12 weeks. The herb performed significantly better than placebo, and that is a good indication of its overall efficacy. This is just one of the rigorous studies into tongkat ali that has proven its usage, for a more complete list of studies, please visit tongkat ali research and clinical trials in our website. More research will be forthcoming to support its continued place in conventional medicine besides Viagra and Cialis.

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    Maca

    Maca is a South American herb that is native to the Andes Mountains. It has a long track record of use as an aphrodisiac in the countries surrounding the mountains, and recently, more traditional medicine is investigating its properties. Maca is actually a member of the plant family that produces mustard, and it is used in varied preparations to achieve its effect. Many studies have been conducted on this plant, and for that reason, a great deal of scientific evidence exists to support its anecdotal claims.

    Numerous scientific and clinical studies have been carried out to prove the efficacy of Maca to increase energy levels and sex drive in men and women. For a large list of these studies, you may check a list of research and clinial trials on maca on our website.

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    Korean Ginseng (Panax)

    Korean ginseng is a popular herb in traditional Chinese medicine, and it is known by quite a few names. Panax ginseng, red ginseng, and Asian ginseng all describe the same plant found in Southeast Asia. American ginseng and many other pseudo-ginsengs are different plants entirely and do not have the actions of the Asian strain. Korean ginseng is used for many purposes, such as treating diabetes, but it is known to have significant actions against male libido issues.

    A study published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology performed a meta-study of this ginseng’s efficacy. [3] It was published in 2008 and studied several random clinical trials that focused on this herb’s actions against erectile dysfunction. The study found that red (Korean) ginseng had positive effects on erectile dysfunction, but cautioned that the low number of rigorous studies precludes recommendation of the herb.

    In a study published in the American Journal of Urology, 45 men who received diagnoses of ED were given either Korean ginseng or a placebo. [4] The men receiving the herb took 900 milligrams, three times a day, for eight weeks. After eight weeks, the men who took Korean ginseng experienced significant improvements in their ED symptoms compared to those who only received a placebo. The researchers concluded that it may be used as an effective alternative treatment for impotence.

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    Yohimbe

    Yohimbe is a supplement that arises from Africa, and it is derived from the bark of an indigenous tree. Yohimbe is an evergreen tree which bark contains a chemical called yohimbine, which is used to arouse sexual excitement for ED, sexual problems caused by medications for depression called selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and general sexual problems in both men and women. As with most aphrodisiacs, it has been used for centuries to treat erectile dysfunction in men. Yohimbe came into usage about 70 years ago, but not many research studies have examined its true efficacy. Many men anecdotally may recommend this bark for its ability to help them.

    Yohimbine has been tested against placebo in 10 randomized trials with 659 men. It provided satisfactory erections in 30% of men compared with 14% with placebo. Side effects were generally mild, though some men withdrew from the test because of them. [5] Yohimbine is now a controlled substance and might be prohibited to commercialize in some countries due to its side effects.

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    Horny Goat Weed Extract

    Horny goat weed is an herb that grows in Southeastern Asia, and it is another aphrodisiac that is recommended by traditional Chinese medicine. It is part of a species of plants known as Epimedium, and its active ingredient is a substance known as icariin. Many extracts of horny goat weed seek to concentrate this substance from the plant in order to make the supplement more powerful. Simply taking the herb is generally not enough to cause an effect, but concentrated preparations are widely used to sexual benefit.

    Legend says a goat herder noticed his flock became amorous after eating the plant. As effective as the herb might be for goat herders, not many human studies have been conducted on the efficacy of horny goat weed extract. Horny goat weed inhibits the activity of the PDE5 that’s blocking dilation of the arteries in the penis. This allows blood to fill the arteries and the three cylinders in the penis and create an erection. That is also pretty much how the prescription medication sildenafil (Viagra) works.

    Several well-conducted rat studies are available. A study published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine in 2010 severed the main nerve responsible for erectile behavior in rats. [6] A group of rats were given a placebo, and the test group was given concentrated icariin. It was found that the test group’s severed nerve seemed more likely to heal and function properly than the placebo group.

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    Tribulus Terrestris

    Tribulus terrestris is a plant that started in southern Europe and now grows all over the world. In fact, it has been cultivated on nearly every habitable continent, and in some places, the plant is considered a stubborn weed. Both Chinese traditional medicine and Ayurveda use tribulus terrestris as a supplement to increase the sexual potency of men. Although it is a well-known supplement, not many human studies investigate the claims of the less traditional medicine practices.

    One particular study that may have significance to humans was published in the journal Phytomedicine in 2008. [7] It studied the weed’s effect on primates, rabbits, and rats. The results were promising, showing that those animals that took the medication demonstrated several sexual benefits. The blood levels of the subjects showed an increase in testosterone, precursors to testosterone, and DHEA.

    Another study demonstrates that Tribulus increase testosterone levels indirectly by raising blood levels of another hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH). [8] LH is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a role in regulating natural testosterone production and serum levels by “turning on” natural testosterone production in humans.

    Obviously, more human studies are needed to prove the efficacy of this treatment, but the preliminary results are promising.

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    Ashwagandha

    Ashwagandha, cultivated in many of the drier regions of India and Nepal, is a plant widely used by people who practice Ayurvedic medicine. Ashwagandha has been used in traditional Indian medicine to treat sexual dysfunction and infertility. [9]

    Researchers in India conducted a study and found that men who took Ashwagandha as a supplement experienced improved semen quality. The root supplement improved testosterone and other reproductive hormone levels of infertile men. [10]

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    Coleus

    For over 2,000 years, Coleus has been used in Asian traditional medicine. A component of coleus, called forskolin, was studied in humans in addition to prostaglandin E1, a drug commonly used in erectile dysfunction. Positive results were seen with forskolin and prostaglandin for erectile dysfunction when the prostaglandin alone did not work.

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    Cordyceps Sinensis

    Folk healers in the Himalayan Mountains of Sikkim, India use Cordyceps sinensis to heal erectile dysfunction. It is commonly called a mushroom but, it is actually a rare union of a fungus and a caterpillar.

    Traditional usage is to mix one piece of Cordyceps sinensis with 1 cup of milk to increase their sexual capability and craving. It has an effect as an erectile dysfunction herbal remedy, [11] but there may be contraindications, so it’s best to ask your doctor before taking it with other medications if you have underlying conditions.

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    Gingko Biloba

    The leaf extract Gingko Biloba is being used to treat impotence in men, increasing the body’s ability to achieve and maintain an erection during sexual stimulation.

    In a study determining if there was a correlation between improved sexual function and the use of ginkgo biloba in patients on antidepressants; it was surprisingly shown to be 76% effective in treating antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in men. In this study, ginkgo biloba had a positive effect on all 4 phases of the sexual response cycle – desire, excitement (erection & lubrication) orgasm and resolution, also referred to as “afterglow.”

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    Muira Puama

    Historically used as a folk remedy for erectile dysfunction, muira puama is a flowering bush or tree native to the Brazilian Amazon. It is now mainly used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction and as a male aphrodisiac.

    Three preliminary case-series suggest that it may be effective, but well-designed studies on the effectiveness and safety of muira puama are lacking.

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    Pinus Pinaster

    Pinus pinaster is derived from the bark of a pine tree. [12] Pycnogenol is a trademarked for a supplement that contains the bark. Limited research suggests pycnogenol may help treat ED. A patient may need to take it for several months before any benefit is seen.

    Researchers found out that taking pycnogenol may result in dizziness, headache, and mouth ulcers.

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    Rhodiola Rosea

    Siberia and the Tian Shan mountain range of northwestern China produce Rhodiola rosea, also known as Golden or Arctic Root.

    A study on middle-aged men proving the effectiveness of Rhodiola rosea for ED found that after taking 200 mg of the herb extract on a daily basis, 68 percent of men found an increase in erectile performance. There were no serious negative side effects in clinical trials, but more studies need to be conducted on its safety for those who have kidney or liver disease. Researchers note that Rhodiola rosea doesn’t seem to interact with medications. Bipolar disorder patients are advised not to take Rhodiola rosea.

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    Deer Velvet

    An aphrodisiac that may improve sexual energy is deer velvet. It works by potentially strengthening and balancing the body and restoring energy. Traditionally, upper portions of the antler are considered to have the greatest medicinal value. The first published human trial to investigate these claims gave no statistically significant effects on sexual functioning in mid-life men. They mentioned that some participants reported feeling benefits, although positive responses were not consistent. Additional research is needed to determine the effect of deer velvet on sexual function, libido, and erectile dysfunction.

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    Foods and Food Ingredients

    Clove

    There is a limited number of human research done on the effectiveness of clove to treat ED. According to reports, a combination of cream with clove and other herbs may be helpful in the treatment of premature ejaculation. Still, well-designed studies of the effectiveness of clove on its own are needed before a conclusion can be drawn.

    Pomegranate Juice

    Reduced risk for heart disease and high blood pressure are the most common health benefits of drinking pomegranate juice. However, there are many evidence that it may help prevent ED.  [13] [14].

    Asparagus Roots

    The White Musli or dried roots of asparagus are known to be an aphrodisiac.

    • Add 15 grams of dried roots of asparagus to a cup of milk.
    • Boil this milk and consume it when it is lukewarm.
    • Repeat this process twice a day to see satisfactory results.

    Black Raisins

    Black raisins are said to be a very good ingredient that helps in improving sexual vigor.

    • Wash about 30 grams of good quality black raisins in lukewarm water.
    • Now boil these raisins in 200 ml of milk and the raisins will get swollen.
    • Now eat these raisins and then drink the glass full of this milk.
    • Take this mixture three times a day to see effective results.

    Carrots, Honey and Egg

    Another home remedy to help erectile dysfunction and to develop a sexual desire in men is to feed the person with a mixture of honey, egg, and carrots. Here is how:

    • Add 2 tablespoons of honey, a half boiled egg and half a cup of finely chopped or grated carrots in a bowl.
    • Mix this mixture very well and have it once every day.
    • Consume this mixture daily for 30 to 45 days, and you will find great improvements in your sexual desire.

    Dried Dates and Nuts

    Dried dates offer good strength to the body and have the ability to increase the sexual drive in humans.

    • Mix a handful of dried date, pistachio nuts, almonds and quince seeds in equal proportions and then pound them into a fine powder.
    • Mix this powder in a glass of milk and consume it daily to see effective results.

    Drumstick Flowers in Milk

    One of the easiest and cheapest ways to fight erectile dysfunction from home is to use a mixture of milk and drumstick flowers. It is said that drumstick has certain aphrodisiac properties and is quite an effective home remedy for erectile dysfunction.

    • Add a handful of drumstick flowers in a glass of milk.
    • Heat the milk with the drumstick flowers until it boils.
    • Allow this mixture to cool down till it is lukewarm and then drink it.
    • Try this home remedy for one or two months continuously to see good results.

    Garlic

    Garlic is also known as an aphrodisiac because garlic improves the blood circulation significantly from the medical point of view. Medical researches proved that garlic in certain forms could stimulate the production of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) that is primarily responsible for the mechanism of erection.

    • Chew three to four raw fresh garlic cloves daily for effective results.
    • Eating garlic bread with a whole lot of grains will also help in improving sexual desires.

    Ginger and Honey Mixture

    Ginger is a well known natural ingredient to treat a lot of health problems, and it might work for erectile dysfunction also.

    • Take clean ginger pieces and crush it to make a paste.
    • Now, extract the ginger juice from this paste.
    • Take 2 teaspoons of ginger paste and mix it well with 2 teaspoons of honey.
    • Consume this mixture three times a day for a month to see visible results.

    Lady Finger with Candy Sugar

    Lady’s finger is also known to be a wonderful vegetable that will arouse sexual desire in humans.

    • Mix 5 grams of the root powder of lady’s finger with a glass of lukewarm milk.
    • Add two teaspoons of candy sugar to the milk and mix well.
    • Consume this every day to see the symptoms of erectile dysfunction disappear.

    White Onions

    Onions are well known to have aphrodisiac properties and also help in enhancing libidos.

    • Peel white onion, crush it and make it a smooth paste.
    • Fry this paste in a teaspoon of butter and then add this mixture to a spoonful of honey.
    • You need to take this medicine on an empty stomach, or you should not eat for at least two hours before taking this medicine.
    • With regular use, you will find remarkable changes in your attitude towards sex.

    Supplements

    D-aspartic Acid

    D-aspartic acid (D-AA) is an amino acid naturally made by the body. It’s can also be found in foods, including beef, shrimp, salmon, eggs, dairy, lentils, nuts, and beans.

    Research has shown that D-aspartic acid may help a man’s body produce and release adequate testosterone. One small study found that men who were given a daily dose of D-aspartate for 12 days had a slightly increased testosterone level compared to men who took placebo during the test. [15]

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    DHEA

    DHEA is a natural hormone produced by the adrenal glands is Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It may be converted to both estrogen and testosterone in the body. Scientists make the dietary supplement from wild yam and soy.

    The Massachusetts Male Aging Study showed that men with ED were more likely to have low levels of DHEA. A study published in 1999 participated by 40 men with ED. [16] Half received 50mg DHEA, and half received placebo once a day for 6 months. Those receiving the DHEA were more likely to achieve and sustain an erection. However, it may not be effective if a man’s ED is the result of diabetes or a nerve disorder.

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    L-Arginine

    L-arginine is another amino acid that is in the body naturally. It helps make nitric oxide, which relaxes blood vessels to support a successful erection. In 1999, researchers studied men with ED in which 31% of those taking 5 grams a day of L-arginine experienced significant improvements in sexual function. [17]

    A second study published in 2003 showed that L-arginine has taken in 1.7 grams per day combined with pycnogenol, 40 mg 2 to 3 times a day, restored the sexual ability to 80% of participants after two months, and to 92.5% after three months. [18] However, it can cause several side effects, [19] including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps so it should not be taken with Viagra, nitrates, or any high blood pressure medications.

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    L-Carnitine

    L-carnitine is a compound involved in energy metabolism in the body. It is produced naturally, but may also be found in food particularly in animal products as well as in supplement form. Although there are various forms of carnitine supplements, propionyl, L-carnitine has been explored for ED.

    Two forms of L-carnitine (propionyl-L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine) may benefit men with ED according to a study published in Urology. The study compared testosterone undecanoate, L-carnitine and placebo in the treatment of male aging symptoms, including erectile dysfunction. Testosterone and the carnitines significantly improved symptoms.

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    Niacin

    Journal of Sexual Medicine published a study on Niacin may help men with erectile dysfunction. [20] The results indicate that those who had moderate or severe erectile dysfunction reported an improvement in their ability to maintain an erection after taking a niacin supplement for 12 weeks. The initial dose was 500mg taken nightly to ensure that they had no adverse side effects from taking the vitamin. The dose was increased to 1000 mg daily and then to 1500mg at week six if tolerated, and then continued until the end of the study. The most common side effect was skin flushing and itching. Further studies are warranted.

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    Zinc

    Zinc is a mineral that regulates many enzymes and hormones. Low levels of zinc have been associated with sexual dysfunction. Zinc deficiency and certain medical conditions and medications may lead to sexual dysfunction. These conditions include digestive disorders, chronic liver or kidney disease, sickle cell disease, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism, and chronic diarrhea. Vegetarians are more susceptible because of reduced bioavailability of zinc and also because of greater intake of phytates from legumes and whole grains, which bind zinc and inhibit its absorption.

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    Lifestyle Changes & Alternative Therapies

    Acupuncture

    Many show positive results when acupuncture is used to treat ED, though studies are mixed. A 1999 study found that acupuncture improved the quality of erection and restored sexual activity in 39% of participants. [21]

    A later study published in 2003 reported that 21.05% of ED patients who received acupuncture had improved erections. [22] Other studies have shown conflicting results, but most say that this treatment has potential.

    Walking 2 Miles

    Walking 2 miles each day, along with other healthier lifestyle interventions may help obese men reduce their risk of ED, sometimes even “reverse” current impotence. Maintaining a trim waistline is a good defense for ED. Studies show that men with 42-inch waistlines are 50% more likely to have ED than those with a 32-inch waist. [23]  Getting to a healthy weight and maintaining it is a good strategy for preventing and treating ED.

    Kegel Exercises

    The cliché “use it before you lose it” may be applied to regain normal erectile function. Pelvic exercises are used to promote urinary continence and sexual health. They help strengthen the bulbocavernosus muscle, which does three things: allows the penis to engorge with blood during an erection, it pumps during ejaculation, and it helps empty the urethra after urination.

    Stick to a Sleep Schedule

    One major factor contributing to ED is a poor sleep pattern. A study, published in Brain Research in 2011 that explored the impact of sleep loss on testosterone levels in men, confirmed that low concentrations of sex hormones are associated with sexual dysfunction. [24] Hormone secretion is controlled by the body’s internal clock, and sleep patterns help the body determine when to release certain hormones. Adhering to a set sleep schedule is a natural treatment for ED in that it can help ensure that those signals are clear and consistent.

    Yoga

    Yoga is an ancient system of relaxation, exercise, and healing with origins in Indian philosophy. There is early evidence to support that practicing yoga served as treatment of delayed ejaculation in males.


    References

    1.

    Feldman, H. A., Goldstein, I., Hatzichristou, D. G., Krane, R. J., & McKinlay, J. B. (1994). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. The Journal of Urology, 151(1):54-61. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8254833

    2.

    Ismail, S. B., Wan, W. M., George, A., Nik Hussain, N. H., Musthapa Kamal, Z. M., & Liske, E. (2012). Randomized Clinical Trial on the Use of PHYSTA Freeze-Dried Water Extract of Eurycoma longifolia for the Improvement of Quality of Life and Sexual Well-Being in Men. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012:429268. doi: 10.1155/2012/429268

    3.

    Jang, D. J., Lee, M. S., Shin, B. C., Lee, Y. C., & Ernst, E. (2008). Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 66(4):444-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03236.x

    4.

    Hong, B., Ji, Y. H., Hong, J. H., Nam, K. Y., & Ahn, T. Y. (2002). A Double-Blind Crossover Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report. The Journal of Urology, 168(5):2070–2073. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64298-X

    5.

    Mayo Clinic Site. (2016, January 17). Dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction: A natural treatment for ED? Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/in-depth/erectile-dysfunction-herbs/ART-20044394

    6.

    Shindel, A. W., Xin, Z. C., Lin, G., Fandel, T. M., Huang, Y. C., Banie, L., … Lue, T. F. (2010). Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract of horny goat weed (Epimedium spp.) in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 1518-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01699.x

    7.

    Gauthaman, K. & Ganesan, A. P (2008). The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction – an evaluation using primates, rabbit, and rat. Phytomedicine; International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 15(1-2):44-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011

    8.

    Stanislavov, R., Nikolova, V., & Rohdewald, P. (2008). Improvement of erectile function with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. International Journal of Impotence Research, 20(2):173-80. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901597

    9.

    Ambiye, V. R., Langade, D., Dongre, S., Aptikar, P., Kulkarni, M., Dongre, A. (2013). Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013: 571420. doi: 10.1155/2013/571420

    10.

    Ahmad, M.K., Mahdi, A. A., Shukla, K. K., Islam, N., Rajender, S., Madhukar, D., … Ahmad, S. (2010). Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. Fertility and Sterility, 94(3):989-96. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.046

    11.

    Ashok, K. P. & Kailash, C. S. (2011). Traditional uses and medicinal potential of Cordyceps sinensis of Sikkim. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2(1): 9–13. doi: 10.4103/0975-9476.78183

    12.

    Examine.com Site. (2013, July 12). Pycnogenol. Retrieved from https://examine.com/supplements/pycnogenol/

    13.

    Kroeger N., Belldegrun A. S., & Pantuck A. J. (2013) Pomegranate Extracts in the Management of Men’s Urologic Health: Scientific Rationale and Preclinical and Clinical Data. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013:701434. doi:  10.1155/2013/701434

    14.

    Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Namasivayam Balamurugan, Ponuswamy Suresh, Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian. (2012) Priapism, pomegranate juice, and sildenafil: Is there a connection? DOI: 10.4103/0974-7796.95560

    15.

    Topo, E., Soricelli, A., D’Aniello, A., Ronsini, S., & D’Aniello, G. (2009). The role and molecular mechanism of D-aspartic acid in the release and synthesis of LH and testosterone in humans and rats. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 7:120. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-120

    16.

    Reiter, W. J., Pycha, A., Schatzl, G., Pokorny, A., Gruber, D.M., Huber, J. C., & Marberger, M. (1999). Dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Adult Urology, 53(3):590-94. doi: 10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00571-8

    17.

    Chen, J., Wollman, Y., Chernichovsky, T., Iaina, A., Sofer, M., & Matzkin, H. (1999). Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJU international, 83(3):269-73. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10233492

    18.

    Stanislavov, R. & Nikolova, V. (2003). Treatment of erectile dysfunction with pycnogenol and L-arginine. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 29(3):207-13. DOI: 10.1080/00926230390155104

    19.

    Mayo Clinic Site. (2016, January 17). Dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction: A natural treatment for ED? Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/in-depth/erectile-dysfunction-herbs/ART-20044394

    20.

    Ng, C. F., Lee, C. P., Ho, A. L., & Lee, V. W. (2011). Effect of niacin on erectile function in men suffering from erectile dysfunction and dyslipidemia. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(10):2883-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02414.x

    21.

    Kho, H. G., Sweep, C. G. J., Chen, X.,  Rabsztyn, P. R., & Meuleman, E. J. (1999). The use of acupuncture in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 11, 41–46 (1999). Doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900381

    22.

    Engelhardt, P. F., Daha, L.K., Zils, T., Simak, R., König, K., & Pflüger, H. (2003). Acupuncture in the treatment of psychogenic erectile dysfunction: first results of a prospective randomized placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 15(5):343-6. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901021

    23.

    Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/5-natural-ways-to-overcome-erectile-dysfunction

    24.

    Andersen, M. L., Alvarenga, T. F., Mazaro-Costa, R., Hachul, H. C., & Tufik, S. (2011). The association of testosterone, sleep, and sexual function in men and women. Brain Research, 1416, 80–104 (2011). Doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.060